REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGIES
Perkembangan
industri yang semakin kompleks memperlihatkan terjadinya perubahan segi
produksi maupun distribusi dan retailer dari sebuah industri besar. Upaya untuk
mendapatkan keuntungan kompetitif dari proses berproduksi membuat industri melakukan
inovasi demi inovasi. Peluang dari industri yang tergolong kecil dalam sistem
global melihat hal ini sebagai peluang karena perusahaan tidak lagi mendominasi
sistem rantainya (desain-produksi-distribusi-retailer) sendirian tetapi
membutuhkan perusahaan-perusahaan lain yang bertindak sebagai penyuplai
beberapa komponen-komponen penting dan berjejaring (networking) dengan lebih
dinamis, tersebar, terkelompokan dan kompleks.
Yeung dari titik pandang ekonomi geografi meilihat
bahwa TNC dan aktivitasnya merupakan satu poin kunci untuk memahami
perkembangan maupun pembangunan regional dan perkotaan. Model global produksi
network dari TNC menurutnya merupakan suatu proeses yang dinamis dan kompleks (Yeung, 199). GPN didefinisikan sebagai satu
hal yang terkordinasi dan terkontrol oleh TNC global dan mengikutsertakan
jarikan yang luas dari afiliasi luar negeri, patners strategis, pelanggan dan
institusi non-firma mereka, kesemua dideskripsikan dalam Multinational Enterprises (Yeung,
211). Yeung memberikan studi
eklektika/melakukan penyelidikan dari sistem,teori,metode dan kemudian
menerapkan pada situasi yang tepat dan menjadi pelengkap atas beberapa studi
sebelumnya antara lain oleh Dunning: 1993,2008, Rugman and Brewer: 2001,
Glaeser: 1992, Storper and Venables:2004, Harrison:2007, Howells 2005; yang dirasakan masih kurang banyak mengambil
porsi untuk melihat dinamisasi dalam GPN. Lebih jauh GPN merupakan pendekatan
yang dapat membuat horizon dalam menteorisasi dan konseptualisasi dimensi
trans-lokal dari pembangunan regional dan perkotaan, dan merupakan interaksi
yang sangat bervariasi antara TNCs dan regional-kota diseluruh dunia (Yeung, 218).
Poin yang ditekankan Yeung, Dunning, Lundan dan
beberapa ahli bisnis dan strategi industri dari berbagai titik pandang dalam hal ini
membahas tentang GPN ialah karena persebaran dari networking sebuah firma besar
tidak lagi merupakan suatu proses monopoli firma tersebut maka banyak
kesempatan kepada kawasan (region) ataupun berbagai pihak untuk masuk menjadi
bagian networking sebuah firma besar (berlabel/bermerek terkenal). Strategi
pembangunan untuk dapat memasuki networking menjadi bahan analisa bagaimana
suatu kawasan,negara,pihak dapat catch-up
menjadi bagian dan mendapatkan keuntungan dari proses networking tersebut.
Strategi
pembangunan regional/kawasan yang tidak lagi terbatasi pada sekat negara
administratif untuk masuk ke networking bisnis dan memanfaatkannya semaksimal
mungkin dikemukakan oleh Carlota Perez dengan melihat peluang global dan bertindak
lokal (kelokalan) karena revolusi teknologi membawa pergeseran paradigma (paradigm shifting)
industri secara signifikan khususnya rantai supply pada produksi. Strategi pembangunan khususnya negara berkembang
harus menguasai teknologi dan informasi, mengetahui pentingnya inovasi.
Pembelajaran teknologi harus mendapat tempat utama dari peraturan pembangunan.
Untuk mengambil peluang dari firma raksasa merupakan hal sangat memungkinkan karena perubahan di
bidang teknologi yang cepat, managemen pusat dari perusahaan raksasa menjadi
lemah karena desentralisasi yang terjadi dan memberikan otonomi yang luas
kepada semua pihak diseluruh dunia (Perez 2001)
. Fenomena sukses yang diambil sebagai rujukan adalah munculnya negara-negara di Asia-Amerika Selatan-Eropa Timur yang memanfaatkan industri teknologi dan mengambil bagian dengan inovasi kelokalan mampu menjadi bagian dari industri dunia berbasis produk Teknologi Informasi. Negara-negara tersebut seperti China, Hong-Kong:China, Taipei-China, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Mexico, Brazil, Rep.Ceko dan sebagainya.
Negara
berkembang menurut Perez harus cerdas melihat perkembangan teknologi, product life cycle dan hubungan dengan
pengelompokan geografis memperlihatkan ketika suatu produk telah memasuki usia
senja/tua di negara maju maka teknologi tersebut akan didorong ke negara
berkembang/periperi. Hal yang perlu diketahui bahwa dalam teknologi yang mature tersebut tidak terdapat suatu
kemajuan bagi negara berkembang karena tidak dapat menangkap peluang memasuki
industri besar dunia. Sebagai strategi maka perlu untuk mengetahui windows of opportunities dari
pergerakan/perkembangan (moving target) teknologi
tersebut dengan memperhatikan: a. teknologi merupakan
akumulasi dari pengalaman-pengalaman, b. sistem teknologi dan
menciptakan/mengkreasikan kapabilitas sosial, c. revolusi teknologi dan sistem
interkoneksi yaitu mampu melihat celah fase mana yang dapat dimanfaatkan
semaksimal mungkin apakah Upstream (teknologi
yang duluan ada) ataukah downstream (teknologi
yang terjadi setelahnya), d. paradigma tekno-ekonomi dan peremajaan segala
aktivitas, dan e. merubah paradigma manajemen umum.
Strategi
untuk memasuki networking dapat melalui dependent
entry walaupun dengan jendela peluang yang sempit tetapi dengan masuk ke
dalam networking kemudian mempelajari
teknologinya kemudian mengembangkan dan mampu menciptakan
kelebihan/spesialisasi sehingga dapat memasuki sebagai pemain yang memiliki
otonomi sendiri dalam suatu jaringan, karena autonomous entry memiliki jendela kesempatan yang luas (Perez 2001). Tentu saja strategi
kawasan,negara ataupun pihak lainnya ini merupakan suatu pokok kerjasama yang
harus dilakukan berbagai pihak terutama peran negara bagaimana menciptakan
kebijakan yang berpihak pada pengetahuan perkembangan teknologi dan bersinergi
dengan pihak yang berkompeten dan berkepentingan lainnya seperti yang
dicontohkan Jepang, Korea Selatan, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapura yang
berhasil memasuki networking industri-industri besar dengan teknologi untuk produk yang
cepat berubah seperti barang-barang elektronika/IT product.
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REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGIES
The development of an increasingly complex industry showed a change in terms of production and distribution and retailer of a major industry. Efforts to gain a competitive advantage from the production process to make the industry to innovate for the sake of innovation. Opportunities from a relatively small industry in the global system see this as an opportunity because the company no longer dominates the chain system (design-production-distribution-retailers) alone but requires other firms acting as suppliers several key components and networking (networking ) with more dynamic, distributed, and complex misclassified.
Yeung from the point of view of economic geography stated that TNC and its activities is a key point for understanding the development and regional and urban development. Global model of the production network of TNC thinks is a dynamic and complex proeses (Yeung, 199). GPN (Global Production Network) is defined as one thing is coordinated and controlled by the TNC global networking and include a wide range of foreign affiliates, patners strategic, non-institutional customers and their firm, everyone described in Multinational Enterprises (Yeung, 211). Yeung gave eclectic study / investigation of systems, theories, methods, and then apply the right situation and a complement of several previous studies among others by Dunning: 1993.2008, Rugman and Brewer: 2001, Glaeser: 1992, Storper and Venables: 2004, Harrison: 2007, Howells 2005; still less widely perceived accounted to see dynamics in the GPN. Finally, the GPN approach seems to open up a new horizon in theorizing the translocal dimension of urban and regional development. An urgent theoretical task is to conceptualize further the various other possible interfacing mechanisms beyond strategic coupling to account for the variegated interaction between TNCs and city-regions throughout the world (Yeung: 218).
Points are emphasized by Yeung, Dunning, Lundan and several industry experts and business strategies of various points of view in this matter to discuss about GPN is because the distribution of networking a large firm is no longer a monopoly of the firm's process so many opportunities for the region (region) or various parties to enter into a firm large part networking (labeled / branded famous). Development strategy to be able to enter the networking became the analysis of how a region, a country, the catch-up can be a part of and benefit from the networking process.
Regional development strategies / areas that are no longer restricted to the administrative state bulkhead networking to get into business and use it as much as possible put forward by Carlota Perez by looking at opportunities globally and acting locally (locality) because of the technological revolution brought a paradigm shift (paradigm shifting) significant industry in particular supply chain in manufacturing. Development strategies of developing countries in particular must master the technology and information, recognize the importance of innovation. Learning technologies should be the main point of the regulatory development. To take advantage of the giant firm is very possible because of changes in the field of rapid technological, management of central giant becomes weak because decentralization is happening and give autonomy to all those around the world (Perez 2001). This phenomenon is taken as the reference success is the emergence of the countries in the Asia-South America-Eastern Europe that utilize the technology industry and take part with the innovation locality able to be part of the industrial world of Information Technology based products. Countries such as China, Hong-Kong: China, Taipei-China, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Mexico, Brazil, Rep.Ceko and so on.
Developing countries according to Perez have to be smart to see the development of technology, product life cycle and relationship with geographical groupings show when a product has entered old age / elderly in developed countries the technology will be driven to the developing / periphery. Things to keep in mind that the technology is not mature there is a progress for developing countries because they can not grasp the opportunity to enter the industry of the world. As strategies need to find windows of opportunities of movement / progression (moving target) of these technologies with respect to: a. technology is the accumulation of experiences, b. technology systems and create / creation of social capabilities, c. technological revolution and interconnected system that is able to see the gap phase which can be utilized as much as possible whether the Upstream (first technology exists) or downstream (the technology that followed), d. techno-economic paradigm and rejuvenation of all the activities, and e. change the paradigm of public management.
Strategies to enter the networking can be dependent entry through though with a narrow window of opportunity but to get into networking then studied the technology and then develop and are able to create excess / specialization that can be entered as an autonomous player in a network, as an autonomous entry has a window of opportunity wide (Perez 2001). Of course, the strategy, the state or other parties is an essential partnership that must be made parties, especially the role of the state how to create policies that support the development of knowledge and technology together with the competent authorities and other stakeholders such as the example of Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore managed to enter the networking major industries with rapidly changing technologies such as electronic goods/ IT products.
Yeung from the point of view of economic geography stated that TNC and its activities is a key point for understanding the development and regional and urban development. Global model of the production network of TNC thinks is a dynamic and complex proeses (Yeung, 199). GPN (Global Production Network) is defined as one thing is coordinated and controlled by the TNC global networking and include a wide range of foreign affiliates, patners strategic, non-institutional customers and their firm, everyone described in Multinational Enterprises (Yeung, 211). Yeung gave eclectic study / investigation of systems, theories, methods, and then apply the right situation and a complement of several previous studies among others by Dunning: 1993.2008, Rugman and Brewer: 2001, Glaeser: 1992, Storper and Venables: 2004, Harrison: 2007, Howells 2005; still less widely perceived accounted to see dynamics in the GPN. Finally, the GPN approach seems to open up a new horizon in theorizing the translocal dimension of urban and regional development. An urgent theoretical task is to conceptualize further the various other possible interfacing mechanisms beyond strategic coupling to account for the variegated interaction between TNCs and city-regions throughout the world (Yeung: 218).
Points are emphasized by Yeung, Dunning, Lundan and several industry experts and business strategies of various points of view in this matter to discuss about GPN is because the distribution of networking a large firm is no longer a monopoly of the firm's process so many opportunities for the region (region) or various parties to enter into a firm large part networking (labeled / branded famous). Development strategy to be able to enter the networking became the analysis of how a region, a country, the catch-up can be a part of and benefit from the networking process.
Regional development strategies / areas that are no longer restricted to the administrative state bulkhead networking to get into business and use it as much as possible put forward by Carlota Perez by looking at opportunities globally and acting locally (locality) because of the technological revolution brought a paradigm shift (paradigm shifting) significant industry in particular supply chain in manufacturing. Development strategies of developing countries in particular must master the technology and information, recognize the importance of innovation. Learning technologies should be the main point of the regulatory development. To take advantage of the giant firm is very possible because of changes in the field of rapid technological, management of central giant becomes weak because decentralization is happening and give autonomy to all those around the world (Perez 2001). This phenomenon is taken as the reference success is the emergence of the countries in the Asia-South America-Eastern Europe that utilize the technology industry and take part with the innovation locality able to be part of the industrial world of Information Technology based products. Countries such as China, Hong-Kong: China, Taipei-China, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Mexico, Brazil, Rep.Ceko and so on.
Developing countries according to Perez have to be smart to see the development of technology, product life cycle and relationship with geographical groupings show when a product has entered old age / elderly in developed countries the technology will be driven to the developing / periphery. Things to keep in mind that the technology is not mature there is a progress for developing countries because they can not grasp the opportunity to enter the industry of the world. As strategies need to find windows of opportunities of movement / progression (moving target) of these technologies with respect to: a. technology is the accumulation of experiences, b. technology systems and create / creation of social capabilities, c. technological revolution and interconnected system that is able to see the gap phase which can be utilized as much as possible whether the Upstream (first technology exists) or downstream (the technology that followed), d. techno-economic paradigm and rejuvenation of all the activities, and e. change the paradigm of public management.
Strategies to enter the networking can be dependent entry through though with a narrow window of opportunity but to get into networking then studied the technology and then develop and are able to create excess / specialization that can be entered as an autonomous player in a network, as an autonomous entry has a window of opportunity wide (Perez 2001). Of course, the strategy, the state or other parties is an essential partnership that must be made parties, especially the role of the state how to create policies that support the development of knowledge and technology together with the competent authorities and other stakeholders such as the example of Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore managed to enter the networking major industries with rapidly changing technologies such as electronic goods/ IT products.
REFFERENCES
Perez, Carlota.
"Technological Change and Development as a Moving Target." CEPAL
Review 75, 12 2001: 109-130.
Yeung, Henry Wai-Chung.
"Transnational Corporations, Global Production Networks, and Urban and
Regional Development: A Geographer’s Perspective on Multinational Enterprises
and the Global Economy." Growth and Change, Vol. 40 No. 2 (June
2009): 199.
Terlihat Perez megatakan...perbanyak saja sekolah Vocational, Lulusan Teknik or technological-skill institutions... cukuplah itu ilmu sosial...heheheee
biasalah...Teknokratik-teknokratik,, seolah2 mesinlah jawaban semuanya :D
biasalah...Teknokratik-teknokratik,, seolah2 mesinlah jawaban semuanya :D
Upload tugas Sembarang Nyit2....hehehe
