Sedikit tentang Strategi Industrialisasi China - India
China
25-21 SM : Jalan sutra menghubungkan China –
India – Arab
650 M : Pedagang Arab mendirikan pos di
China
1229 : Penaklukan oleh Mongol
menggalakkan perdagangan China
1500an : Sebuah usaha dagang milik orang
China menyebar ke Seluruh Asia
1600 : Perusahaan India Timur
mengirim opium ditukar teh
1759 : Pedagang di Guangzhou menjadi
perantara perusahaan Eropa
1800an : Wilayah pedesaan dan kerajinan
tangan tumbuh pesat
1842 : kemenangan Inggris dalam
perang Opium membuka perdagangan ke Guangzhou dan empat pelabuhan lain.
Hongkong jatuh ke tangan Inggris
1890an: Jepang, Inggris,
Jerman, Rusia, Perancis exercise of power di China
1914-1920 : Industrialisasi masuk. Tingkat
pertumbuhan tahunan 13.8%. Perbankan modern di mulai.
1949 : Komunis memenangi perang
sipil, land reform, dan pertanian
kolektif. Kemajuan bidang di bidang pendidikam dan kesehatan
1958 :
mobilisasi massa untuk reformasi ekonomi
1960an :
AS membantu Taiwan berkembang, produksi eksport elektronika, baja, computer dan peralatan
militer
1970an : Setelah Mao tse tung wafat, Den
Xiaoping menumbuhkan aktivitas pasar bebas dan industri pedesaan skala kecil
1979 : investasi luar negeri menjadi
legal, Zona ekonomi khusus di pesisir Timur dan sungai Yangzi
1990 : Bursa saham pertama dibuka di
Shanghai, merubah wajah Shenzhen
1997 : Industrialisasi besar-besaran
2001 : China masuk WTO
2003 : Hu Jintao dan Wen Jiabao
menjadi pemimpin komunis generasi ke empat
Berikut strategi Industri
China :
- Sistem kurs tetap Yuan/Renmimbi terhadap dollar US
- Superefisensi buruh (murah – jam kerja banyak)
- Pasar domestik dan internasional yang besar untuk barang murah
- Produk mahal tetap jadi prioritas untuk kelas menengah ke atas di China, pada 2007 sudah 300.000 Milyader (kelas customer)
- Integrasi China daratan dengan HongKong dan Taiwan
- Intervensi pemerintah yang kuat pada sistem perbankan. Beijing mengontrol langsung 4 bank terbesar yg memegang 80% tabungan pribadi, menentukan perusahaan mana yang dapat menjual saham mereka dan mengaarhkan pinjaman lunak kepada perusahaan tertentu dengan sasaran perusahaan yang menjadi kebanggaan nasional.
- Penunjukan aktor kunci pada perusahaan strategis seperti China Telecom dan CNOOC.
- Mengembangkan industri core mobil, semikonduktor, baja dan telekomunikasi. Pengguna ponsel di China sebesar 350 juta pada tahun 2007
- Budaya bisnis dan etos kerja di masyarakt China
- Investasi domestik di China rata-rata 40-50% per tahun dari PDB/GDP
- Menarik Investasi luar negeri lebih dari USD 60 milyar/tahun
India
712 M
: perdagangan Arab – India
1500an : Portugis memperbaharui dagangan
dengan India yang sempat dibekukan kesultanan Ottoman
1700an : penjualan sutra Asia dan katun
dilarang di Inggris. Industri tekstil India jatuh karena embargo dan
persaingan. India menjadi koloni pertanian Inggris
mid 1800an : Inggris perkenalkan kanal irigasi , rel
kereta api, perbankan modern dan sistem hukum dagang. Mengembangkan eksport
1869
: terusan suez menjadi integrasi ekonomi India ke pasar dunia
awal 1900an : Reformasi konstitusi
1912 : Tata co. memproduksi baja,
pembangkit daya hidrolik dan tekstil
1940an : Industri india tumbuh pesat
selama Perang Dunia II
1947 : Pemerintahan Inggris di India
berakhir. Sektor publik mendominasi manufaktur dan bank di nasionalisasi.
Dinasti korporat seperti Tata, Birla, dan Bajaj tumbuh 15%..
1950an : Riset luar angkasa sipil dimulai
1982 : Infosys Technologies
mengembangkan perangkat lunak untuk perusahaan global. Tumbuh 40% per tahun
selama satu dekade
1984 : PM Rajiv Gandhi mendorong
teknologi tinggi
1991-1997 : Krisis neraca perdagangan karena
perang teluk, mengakibatkan pinjaman dari IMF dan Bank Dunia. Reformasi
ekonomi, termasuk di bukanya sektor yang dikuasai negara kepada investasi
swasta dan dibebaskannya kebijaksanaan perdagangan.
1993 -1997 : Pertumbuhan ekonomi 6,87%/tahun
2000 : Bidang perangkatg lunak
berkembang seiring berakhirnya ketakutan terhadap Y2k. General Electric dan
perusahaan MNC lain membanghun fasilitas litbag di Bangalore yang menjadi
pusat. Industri suku cadang mobil, farmasi dan kimia menjadi barang eksport
utama. Bangalore telah menjadi pusat bagi teknologi dan inovasi perusahaan
terpenting di luar Silicon Valley.
Fenomena Industri India :
- Tingkat investasi India rata-rata 20-30%
- Menarik Investasi luar negeri rata-rata $4 miliar /tahun
- Pasar modal India dapat mengalokasikan modal lebih efisien daripada China dan menyukai industri bermargin tinggi seperti teknologi informasi dan pelayanan
- Jumlah pasar domestik yang signifikan. Pengguna ponsel 55 juta (antara tahun 2000-2005)
- Tumbuhnya kelas menengah yang memandang barang mewah sebagai simbol status
- Segmen pasar kelas bawah (paket sampo harga 5 sen, layanan seluler 2sen/menit dan PC seharga USD 100)
- Kota-kota Bangalore, Pune dan Hyderabad menjadi pusat-pusat pengembangan teknologi bagi raksasa teknologi (General Electrics, Microsoft,SAP, Intel,Texas Instruments dsbnya)
- Sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas dan etos kerja tinggi di bidang keuangan, manajerial dan teknologi. Ilmuwan dunia yang banyak di berbagai bidang
- Eksport perangkat daya lunak, layanan teknologi, pengalihdayaan bidang riset, pusat call center, yellow pages
- Belajar dari keterbatasan dan hambatan fisik. Mengembangkan model bisnis kreatif.
- Di Bangalore terdapat pusat R&D General Electrics (Pusat Teknologi John F.Welch). Pada tahun 2003 di resmikan telah membukukan 95 paten di akhir tahun 2003. Terdiri dari 1800 insinyur dan seperempatnya menyandang gelar Ph.D, terlibat dalam riset fundamental bagi 13 devisi GE. Kini India berisi orang brilian dan terdidik, memimpin kolonialisasi ruang cycber kata Paul Saffo dari institute for the future di Menlo Park California. Gelombang inilah yang menghantarkan fenomena pengurangan staff IT di AS sebesar 500-2000 staff sekaligus (pemecatan) dan memunculkan isu sosial di AS (tenaga kerja terdidik yg tidak terserap). Setiap CEO berpaling ke India. IBM menarik diri dari India pada tahun 1978 karena protes regulasi pemerintah tetapi masuk kembali pada tahun 1992.
- Lebih banyak pelajaran sains di sekolah. Banyaknya insinyur dan ahli teknik. IBM pada meningkatkan staffnya yg berasal dari India pad tahun 2003 sebesar 9000 org pada akhir 2005 sebesar 23.000 orang.
_______________
_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________
A Few of Industries Phenomenon
China
25-21 BC : Silk Road linking China - India - Saudi
650 AD : Arab traders established a post in China
1229 : Conquest by the Mongol China to
promote trade
1500s :
A Chinese-owned commercial enterprise spread over Asia
1600 :
East India Company sent exchanged opium tea
1759 :
Traders in Guangzhou mediates the European company
1800s :
rural areas and fast-growing craft
1842 :
British victory in the Opium War to open trade to Guangzhou and four other
ports. Hong Kong fell into British hands
1890s :
Japanese, English, German, Russian, French exercise of power in China
1914-1920 : Industrialization entry. The annual growth rate of 13.8%.
Modern banking began.
1949 :
Communists win the civil war, land reform, and collective farms. Progress in
the field of education and health
1958 :
mass mobilization for economic reform
1960 :
The U.S. helped Taiwan develop, export production of electronics, steel,
computer and military equipment
1970 :
After the death of Mao tse tung, Den Xiaoping growing free market activity and
small-scale rural industries
1979 :
a legal foreign investment, special economic zone in the East coast and the
river Yangzi
1990 :
The first stock exchange opened in Shanghai, changed the face of Shenzhen
1997 :
large-scale industrialization
2001 :
China's WTO entry
2003 :
Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao became the fourth generation of communist leaders
These strategies China Industry:
- The fixed exchange rate system Yuan
/ Renmimbi against U.S. dollar
- Superefisensi labor (cheap - many work
hours)
- Domestic and international markets
are great for bargains
- Expensive products remains a
priority for the upper middle class in China, as of 2007 was 300,000
Billionaire (customer class)
- Integration with mainland China and
Taiwan HongKong
- Strong government intervention in
the banking system. Beijing controls directly 4 biggest banks that hold 80% of
personal savings, determine which companies are able to sell their shares and
mengaarhkan soft loans to certain companies with the goal of the company is a
national pride.
- Appointment of key actors in
strategic companies such as China Telecom and CNOOC.
- Develop core automobile industry,
semiconductors, steel and telecommunications. China's mobile phone users
amounted to 350 million in 2007
- Business culture and work ethic in
China masyarakt
- China's domestic investment on
average 40-50% per year of GDP / GDP
- Attract foreign investment of more
than USD 60 billion / year
India
712 M :
Arab trade - India
1500 s:
Portuguese trade with India to renew the Ottoman sultanate had frozen
1700s :
Asian silk and cotton sales banned in the UK. Indian textile industry fell by
the embargo and competition. India became colony of British farming
mid 1800s : British introduced irrigation canals, railroads, and modern
banking system of commercial law. Developing export
1869 :
suez canal became India's economic integration into the world market
early 1900s : Reform the Constitution
1912 :
Tata co. produces steel, hydraulic power plants and textile
1940 :
India Industry grew rapidly during World War II
1947 :
The British in India ended. The public sector dominates the manufacturing and
bank nationalization. Dynasty corporates like Tata, Birla and Bajaj grew 15% ..
1950s :
civil aerospace research begins
1982 :
Infosys Technologies develops software for the global enterprise. Grow 40% per
year for a decade
1984 :
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi encourage high technology
1991-1997 : Crisis trade balance since the Gulf War, resulting in loans
from the IMF and the World Bank. Economic reforms, including in the
state-controlled sector open it to private investment and trade policy release.
1993 -1997: Economic growth 6.87% /
year
2000 :
Field perangkatg developing software with the end of the fear of Y2K. General
Electric and other MNC company in Bangalore membanghun litbag facilities at the
center. Auto parts industry, pharmaceuticals and chemicals into the main export
items. Bangalore has become a center for technology and innovation foremost
companies outside of Silicon Valley.
The phenomenon of Indian Industry:
- The level of investment in India on
average 20-30%
- Attract foreign investment averaged
$ 4 billion / year
- India capital markets to allocate
capital more efficiently than China and like high-margin industries such as information
technology and services
- The number of significant domestic
market. 55 million mobile users (between the years 2000-2005)
- The growing class of luxury barng
menengaj who view as a status symbol
- Lower class market segment (packet
of shampoo price of 5 cents, cellular service 2sen/menit and PC at USD 100)
- Cities Bangalore, Pune and
Hyderabad became centers of technology development for technology giants
(General Electrics, Microsoft, SAP, Intel, Texas Instruments etc)
- The quality of human resources and
high work ethics in the financial, managerial and technology. World that many
scientists in many fields
- Export power device software,
technology services, Outsourcing research, central call center, yellow pages
- Learn from the limitations and
physical barriers. Develop creative business models.
- The Bangalore R & D center was
General Electrics (John F.Welch Technology Center). In 2003, the launch has
recorded 95 patents in late 2003. Consisting of 1800 engineers and a quarter
holds a Ph.D., is engaged in fundamental research for the 13 division GE. Now
India contains the brilliant and well-educated, leading the colonization of
space cycber says Paul Saffo of the Institute for the Future in Menlo Park
California. A wave is a phenomenon that delivers IT staff reductions in staff
as well as the U.S. amounted 500-2000 (dismissal) and raise social issues in
the U.S. (well-educated workforce that is not absorbed). Every CEO turned to
India. IBM withdrew from India in 1978 in protest of government regulation but
went back in 1992.
- More science lessons at school. Number of engineers
and technical experts. IBM to increase its staff who came from India in 2003
amounted to 9000 pad org at the end of 2005 was 23,000 people.
Source :
No comments:
Post a Comment